PRINCIPLES TO SCORE MORE!
Accuracy
for Objective type: There is no other rule
except accuracy for “fill in the blanks”, “matching”, “MCQ (Multiple Choice
Questions)” and other types of objective type questions.
9
Planets Rules to score more in essay type or short answer type:
v
v Error free sentences/well-formed structures/constructions
v Punctuation & Spelling (conventions of writing)
v Proper format layout & design
v Maintaining Brevity and accuracy
v Using Cohesive devices such as pronouns, connectors etc.
v Organizing the answer sheet
v Persuasive language
v Good handwriting
1.
Relevance to the
questions:
While
writing answers to essay type questions in examinations, first read the
question twice or thrice. So that you will get to know what the question
demands/expects from you. Hence you can answer relevant to it. Your answer
mustn’t deviate from the question’s expectations. When your answer best fits to
the need of the question it will fetch you more. So, your answer must be
relevant to the question.
2.
Error free sentences:
Sentences
without errors or well-formed structures/constructions fetch you better marks.
If it is your ability to write error free that will bring you better score.
Write syntactically, grammatically and thematically correct sentences. Read the
answers that you have written to get if any errors occurred. If errors found
edit then and there.
3.
Punctuation and
Spelling:
It
is the most common area where children commit errors; for instance,
‘Capitalization’. It will be rectified only with rigorous practice. When your
answer has fewer errors in punctuation and spelling, it may be awarded better
score. For that you have to practice from the beginning. Check for punctuation
errors each time you write something.
4.
Format, Design,
Layout:
Regarding
some questions like diary, letter, notice, invitation etc. have their format,
design and layouts. If your answer followed such format, design or layout best
fit for it, you score more. Hence concentrate on formats, designs and layouts
of the minor discourses and some major discourses. Here in this book they are
discussed in detailed.
5.
Brevity and accuracy:
Particularly
for questions like poster, notice, invitation etc. require brevity language and
accuracy. As they are a kind of minor discourses, they are to be finished in
about 80 words. Long sentences and huge paragraphs make the answer absurd. It
is better to observe and practice many questions and answers. To use brevity
language concentrate on slogans and quotations for various purposes. Some
practice given in this book on slogans and quotations.
6.
Cohesive Devices:
Cohesive
devices are a kind of grammatical relationship among the words of the same text
such as pronouns and connecters or linkers. They give the reader a perfect
picture of your thought and make the sentences sense and beautiful.
For example: Raghu – he Sana – she; here, once, before, after, then,
like etc.
7.
Organizing the answer
sheet:
Maintaining
proper margin, proper paragraph indent, proper size of the letters, and
organizing paragraphs will fetch you the best marks. For instance, if it is an
essay type answer, it must be divided into paragraphs and each paragraph must
deal with one idea only.
The
beginning sentence of the paragraph has to reveal the idea of the paragraph and
the other sentences should elaborate the idea. The very first line of the
paragraph starts a little forward to the margin, i.e. leaving some space from
the left margin, we call it indent. This will make your answer script look
pretty and attractive.
8.
Persuasive language:
This
is another major factor that brings you better scores. Your answer must attract
the reader and make him/her accept it. It will happen through writing variety
of sentences and using all the above features. Use variety of sentences such as
– too…to, so…that, neither…nor, either…or, relative clauses, degrees of
adjectives and adverbs etc. wherever necessary.
9.
Good handwriting:
A
good and neat handwritten answer script usually makes the reader feel pleasure
and gets better score.
Discourses
Discourse: communication in speech or
writing (Cambridge
advanced learner’s dictionary)
We can
understand that a discourse is a mode of communication either in written or
spoken form. It is spoken or written communication between people, especially
serious discussion of a particular subject. It is natural spoken or written
language in context, especially when complete texts are being considered. It is
a serious talk or piece of writing which is intended to teach or explain
something.
Finally,
discourse is something that you speak or write to someone or something to
communicate your ideas, feelings, thoughts, information, expectations, explanations
etc.
In the classroom: Areas of written and spoken discourse looked at in language
classrooms include various features of cohesion and coherence, discourse
markers, conventions and ways of taking turns.
There are
about 17 types of discourses selected for language learners of class 9 and 10.
They are…
1.
Profile
2.
Notice
3.
Message
4.
Diary
5.
Invitation
6.
Interview
7.
Poster/Advertisement
8.
Choreography
9.
Conversation
10.
Description
11.
Essay
12.
Biography
13.
Letter
14.
News Report/ Report
15.
Skit/ Drama/ Play skit
16.
Speech Script
17.
Story / Narrative
Division of Discourses as per
syllabus
|
Major Discourses: |
||
|
Sl No |
Section-A |
Section -B |
|
1 |
Story / Narrative |
Biography |
|
2 |
Conversation |
Essay |
|
3 |
Description |
Letter |
|
4 |
Drama script / Play |
Report / News Report |
|
5 |
Interview |
Speech script |
|
6 |
Choreography script |
- |
|
Minor Discourses: |
||
|
Sl No |
Section-A |
Section -B |
|
1 |
Message |
Poster |
|
2 |
Notice |
Invitation |
|
3 |
Diary |
Profile |
How to master
‘Discourses?’
There is no other secret to master discourses except rigorous practice.
To master writing discourses, one should pay keen attention to all the
discourses. The keen observation makes it clear that there are two kinds of
discourses regarding its format.
A) Non-Format / Non-Layout
Discourses:
1. Story / Narrative
2. Description
3. Biography
4. Essay
5. Conversation
6. Interview
7. Drama and
8. Profile (Paragraph type)
B) Format / Layout
Discourses:
1.
Choreography
2.
Letter
3.
News Report / Report
4.
Speech
5.
Message
6.
Notice
7.
Diary
8.
Poster
9.
Invitation and
10.
Profile (Tabular type)
When
we can dig it deeper, we will find that some discourses are a kind of description
and rest are of conversation. (It is just for understanding the
discourses easily.)
Description Based Discourses:
1. Description (of a person, place,
thing, an incident or an idea)
2. Story or Narrative (Description of events or
scenes one by one)
3. Biography (Description of one’s
life history in different paragraphs)
4. Profile (Description of a
person’s brief history i.e., important information in paragraph manner when
tabular information is given)
5. Speech Script (Description of points of
opinion)
6. Essay (Description of a
particular issue in different paragraphs)
7. Letter (Description of something
in a particular format)
8. News Report or Report (Description of the news
or event in a particular format)
9. Message (Description of a piece
of information in a particular format)
10. Notice (Description of a piece
of information in a particular format)
11. Diary (Description of feelings,
experiences, emotions etc., in a particular format)
12. Poster (Description of a piece
of information in different formats)
13. Invitation (Description of a piece
of information regarding an event in different formats)
14. Choreography (Description of the
actions how the chorus perform on the dais)
Conversation Based
Discourses:
1. Conversation (Conversation between two
or more people sharing their ideas, views etc., one by one)
2. Interview (Conversation in which
one asks and the other informs one by one)
3. Drama (Conversation among many
characters scene wise mentioning stage directions and some emotions in
brackets)
We can come to an understanding with this analysis that
there are only two discourses to be mastered before practicing all others. They
are also called the basic discourses. They are 1. Description and 2.
Conversation. If we can practice these two to the maximum, it would become
easier for us to practice the other discourses in no time. Out of prescribed 17
discourses 14 are of description-based discourses and the rest are
conversation-based discourses. So, it makes it clear that we have to be
mastered first writing descriptions and then conversations. Then to master all
we should practice some formats or layouts to make them perfect.
How to practice?
Every time before writing a discourse it is must to do some
rough work. For examination they would provide some subtext, cues, or clues but
when we practice ourselves we should ask some questions regarding the subject
or topic given in the question and answer them in sentences. Then combine the
sentences into a few organized paragraphs using connectors or linkers or
discourse markers like, and, but, so, or, because, first, then, later, finally
etc. Read it once again and edit wherever necessary. Finally add some layout or
format to it if necessary and make it fair in your answer sheet. That’s it, you
have done it.
Remember, every time you write a discourse use rough
work properly. Even in board examinations, you can use rough work but you
should attach them to the answer script and hand it over to the examiner.
Every time when you are writing a discourse ask a few
questions yourself what, why, who, when, where, how, how far, how long, how
often, etc., regarding the scene or situation given in the question.
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