Linkers and Connectors

LINKERS

Contrast

.     In spite of / Despite Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. 

.     Although / (Even) though Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a sentence. 

.     However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast. Introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas. Introduced by a comma. 

.     On the one hand ... On the other hand. Links two contrasting ideas / paragraphs. 

.     In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. 

.     Whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas. 

Reason and cause

.     Because / As / Since / Seeing that Introduce a sentence. Subordinate sentences introduced by because always appear in final position. 

.     Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to. Introduce a noun phrase. 

Purpose

 

.     In order to / So as to Introduce an infinitive of purpose.

.     In order that / So that Introduce a sentence. 

Consequence

    . Consequently / As a consequence / As a result / Therefore   

    . As a consequence of / As a result of Followed by a noun phrase. 

.     So Introduces a sentence. No commas.   

Addition

    . Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more Used after a strong pause and separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a comma. 

    . As well as / In addition to / Besides Used to add  one more piece of information. Followed by a noun phrase. 

.Exemplification

      For example / For instance Introduces an example referring to previously stated ideas.

 

.     Such as Introduces an example referring to the last idea.

CONNECTORS

Contrast

.     but / yet: followed by a noun phrase or a sentence. 

        ‘The book is short but / yet interesting’

.     in spite of / despite: It is placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

        ‘He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late’

    although / though/ even though / in spite of the fact that: followed by a complete sentence. They can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. If it is placed at the beginning we need to use a comma after the clause.  

  ‘Although / though / even though / in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied, they all passed their exams’. 

  

.     however, nevertheless, even so, on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary: 

‘He was quite ill however/ nevertheless/ even so, he went to school’

.     while, whereas   

        ‘This film is very interesting, while/whereas that one is quite boring’  

Reason and cause

.     because, as since, seeing that:  

        ‘Because / as / since / seeing that it’s late, we should go home’ 

.     because of, on account of, owing to, due to: 

        ‘Because of / on account of / owing to / due to the weather, we stayed at home’

.     in order to, so as to, to: 

        ‘She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record TV programmes’ 

Add information

.     for example, for instance, such as: 

        ‘Vegetables and fruit are a good source of vitamins: for example / for instance, oranges have vitamin C’ 

.     more over, furthermore, besides, in addition to: 

        ‘In addition to soul music, she likes rap’ 

.     apart from, except for: 

        ‘Apart from English, she speaks Telugu fluently’.

Succession

. -     First of all / Firstly / To begin with / First …. 

 -     Second / Secondly / Then … 

 -     Third / Thirdly / After that...

 -     The next stage … 

 -     Finally / in short / to sum up / in conclusion / lastly / last but not least…  

  

 Result

.     As a result of: 

        ‘As a result of his brave action, he was awarded a military medal. 

    Therefore, as a result, consequently, for this reason: 

        ‘Consequently / for this reason, it always passes its annual road test’.